1: No, of course not; so what?
So the fuel and rocket must necessarily be two different objects, even if
some of it is connected at some point in time. So your argument about how they're the same object is wrong, so you can no longer use that as a reason to reject Newton.
2: A rocket launched from Earth cannot reach a vacuum, so this question is irrelevant.
Ok, try to be less evasive. Clearly rockets work at ground level, so there's some specific thickness of air at some altitude you believe it will stop working at. Let's have the two rockets at that altitude: the highest altitude you believe they can reach. Now, yes or no.
If one rocket has all the fuel still inside it, and one has the fuel exhaust leaving it at high speed, are the forces at play in each exactly the same?
Are square blue circles REALLY orange, BJ?
No.
& is Australia REALLY like space?
In the respect that you've probably never been there and you rely on the word of others for its existence, yes. In other respects, no, but I wasn't interested in those.
Anyhow; why can none of you give me the exhaust velocity, in mph, of the main engines of the space shuttle?
10066.2133mph, in the units you wanted. (Read that link, it may answer whatever question you've got coming up).
See, you answer questions, yours get answered. Quite neat really. I'll be happy to help with your follow-up, when you answer by above clarification on comparing the forces in two rockets. Still yes-or-no, still easy.