The most important being the air around us is filled with dust, water vapor and many other opaque things that eventually fog out your vision.
That is clearly not the limiting factor, as we typically see a nice clear horizon.
If the limited visibility through the atmosphere was going to be an issue, the "horizon" would look more like this:

So that excuse doesn't work.
Plus, the retina in the eye can only process light from so far away.
Yes, roughly a few micron at most.
This isn't an issue as the light is scattered by the distant object and then reaches our eye.
It doesn't matter how far the light has travelled, our eye can still process it.
I assume you are attempting to appeal to resolution; if so, yes things would look smaller, but still there.
You can be up high and clearly see the horizon relatively close (compared to the size of Earth), distinguishing features of nearby objects. If you do this inland, you can tell there is no water before the horizon.
Even being far away, continents would still appear quite significant.
For example, the US is roughly 4000 km across. From 40 000 km away, that would appear similar to a 1 m object from 10 m away. That is still clearly visible. So that excuse doesn't work either.
One last thing would be the law of perspective; anything beyond the vanishing point
doesn't exist, because the vanishing point is infinitely far away (in any direction).
Perspective doesn't make objects magically vanish at some close magical vanishing point. It simply makes them look smaller, eventually being too small to resolve.
So that excuse doesn't work either.
Does this make sense ?
No, as all your excuses are either completely wrong or fail to match reality.