Every few years, the Big Bang Fair-tail gets changed in order for it to appear to be correct. Since I admit that I’m ignorant of the latest version of this fair-tail, let’s talk some basic "facts" and I hope the Heliocentric High Priest will answer my questions, but first we must set one ground rule.
“The difference between religion and science is that in a religion, we believe something because we like to believe in it, where as in science, we can test and measure a result from our statements.”
I would like for the Heliocentric High Priest to back up their answers with how do you know the answer and what evidence do they have to support your claim?
Questions:
1) How many years ago did the Big Bang happen?
Depends on your cosmological model, but about 14 billion years ago.
2) Was the mass spinning really fast before the explosion, as we were told in grade school or has this changed?
Your grade school teacher got that wrong. There was never a theory like this, nor will there ever be one. This is complete nonsense
3) What is the location of the origin of the explosion of the Big Bang? Do we know the spot (x, y, z) of the explosion?
4) How far away is the Earth located today from the original explosion spot?
All these questions can be answered at once: The big bang is the origin of spacetime itself. After that, spacetime itself expanded, taking the mass inside with it. Think of it this way: You are in a space where the coordinates change with x_t(x)=t*x. At t=0 everything was at the origin. So the proper answer to 3) would be
everywhere. The big bang is not an explosion that happened somewhere in space and time, it is the creation of space and time.
5) How fast was the mass travelling after the explosion? Was it at the speed of light? Slower, faster?
Again, it was not mass that travelled through space, but space itself expanding. There is a theory of inflation, where spacetime expanded incredibly fast (way faster than the speed of light) in the first fractions of a second. While there is nothing speaking against it and it explains a few observations, it is only a posterior theory (i.e. it has not yet made predictions that were independently verified), therefore it is questioned.
6) When did time start to be in effect? Was there such a thing as time, before the Big Bang or was it a product of the explosion?
This is a bit philosophical, I think the consensus is that both time and space begin with the big bang but I am not sure about this. According to GR space and time can not exist independently of each other, but wheter there was something before the big bang we can not know. We do know that everything in OUR universe was created in the big bang.
7) When did the physical laws start to be in effect, before the bang or after the bang? Conservation of Energy, Momentum, F=ma...
At the moment of the big bang. Unfortunately, for the first fraction of a second, the energies are so high that we can not reproduce the physics and thus can not derive the respecitve laws. After the first second or so it is normal, well-understood physics. Conservation of Energy is only a local law, by the way, it does not hold globally.
How much mass is there in the Universe?
9) How big is the Universe? How many light years, is the furthest object from the center of the explosion.
We do not know. We only know that the
observable universe is spanning 14 billion lightyears. It might extend past that infinitely, it might end somewhere, it might form a giant loop and end in itself. We do not know and can not know.
10) Where did all this mass come from? Since everything has a beginning and an end, how did it become into existence in order for the Big Bang to happen?
That is the probably most important question of physics since generations. Why are we here? How did it begin?
Answer: Noone knows.