If you accept that light travels in a straight line, then it is possible.
But it would be quite expensive as it will need to be a very long structure to show the curvature.
However it will still easily be denied as people will claim it isn't built straight.
If it really was going to be that simple, observations of distant objects with their base obscured would have already been simple an undeniable.
But FEers then claim that light will magically bend, or some other convoluted nonsense regarding perspective. But that would then apply the same to trying to construct the straight line, with them discarding using a laser to make a straight line.
FEers would probably accept using a spirit level along the length of the object, but that shows it to be level, not straight, and for a RE that level would follow the curvature, not be a straight line.
If you try a simpler structure like wood or even metal beams, a big issue is that it will sag.
All materials will sag to some extent, so it will need to be supported along its length.
And it will only require a slight misalignment to follow the curvature of Earth.
For examples, if you use sections which are 1 m long, they only need to turn by 0.000009 degrees.
With that, you could get quite a range of results, from an Earth much smaller than it actually is, getting larger till eventually there is no curvature and Earth appears flat, through to then having negative curvature with the surface we live on being the inside of a sphere.
If you just try to support it at each end, and then measure at the middle, the change in distance at the middle due to it sagging would be greater than that due to the curvature of Earth.
So while it is a very simple idea, the engineering challenges with nothing being perfectly rigid and the extreme tolerances required, it becomes impossible without some external way to determine the tube is level. And when you accept those external tools, long distance observations are enough to already show Earth is round.
Also, I would say forget the water surface.
It would work better with a mostly enclosed water level, such as made from a long piece of hose and 2 clear sections to set the water level in.