Favorite Turkish foods that constantly mentioned by foreigners
Baklava, that shifter mentioned. But greeks too have a claim on it.
Rakı: raki, arrack or a type of anisette. It is a drink made by suma and anise.
Şiş kebap: no direct translate but "grilled lamb on skewers".
Yoğurt: you already know it as yogurt or yoghurt. Yeah it is a Turkish word you are using. But the g in the middle is not g but soft g like gh or ğ as original.
Döner: It means rolling (roller) or rotary as a term but foreigners usually use it as original "doner". But with about same material there is another food like it but more tasty:
Iskender (Alexander). A food better than doner. Actually a type of doner with enriched with sauces and greens. Iskender is more expensive than doner about one and half of its cost. Because preparing it is harder than doner. I recommend you find images both of them for compare.
Anglo saxons claim Turkish delight is famous. But we them only per festals as a treat to visitors. I think they think Turkish girls when they say this.
Çiğ köfte: raw meatball ( steak tartar a la turca )
Saç kavurma: diced lamb fried on iron plate a la turca
Gözleme: Turkish pancake.