Questions:
1) How many years ago did the Big Bang happen?
2) Was the mass spinning really fast before the explosion, as we were told in grade school or has this changed?
3) What is the location of the origin of the explosion of the Big Bang? Do we know the spot (x, y, z) of the explosion?
4) How far away is the Earth located today from the original explosion spot?
5) How fast was the mass travelling after the explosion? Was it at the speed of light? Slower, faster?
6) When did time start to be in effect? Was there such a thing as time, before the Big Bang or was it a product of the explosion?
7) When did the physical laws start to be in effect, before the bang or after the bang? Conservation of Energy, Momentum, F=ma...
8) How much mass is there in the Universe?
9) How big is the Universe? How many light years, is the furthest object from the center of the explosion.
10) Where did all this mass come from? Since everything has a beginning and an end, how did it become into existence in order for the Big Bang to happen?
1) Let's first leave behind the "bang" idea. There was no explosion in any sense like you are probably thinking of. It was not a big pile of TNT or a thermonuclear weapon being detonated. With that in mind, we can use powerful telescopes that pick up electromagnetic wavelengths that are both very faint and WAY outside the visible light spectrum. With those telescopes, we can see things that are very far away. And, since we can determine empirically the speed of light, we can also determine that the things that are very far away are ALSO very old, otherwise the light from those very far away places would not have reached us yet. The furthest-away light comes from the Cosmic Microwave Background (CMB). That light was emitted about 13.7 billion years ago. Based on complicated mathematical models, it is thought that the CMB would not have been visible until a few hundred thousand years after the beginning of the universe.
2) Again, there was no explosion in the traditional sense. There was a rapid expansion. Also, "before the Big Bang" is not really a meaningful phrase, because time and space as we know it would have begun at that moment. Was the universe born spinning? Perhaps, but it's not necessary. Galaxies don't spin because they are in a spinning universe (in reading some of your replies, this seems to be an argument that you stand behind, hopefully I didn't misread). The warping of spacetime in the presence of mass does a pretty good job of setting things to spinning.
3) All of spacetime expanded. Again, it wasn't an explosion at a certain set of coordinates. It was a rapid expansion of everything. Everything, everywhere, expanded.
4) Earth is about 13.7 billion years away from the original spot, as is literally everywhere else in the known universe. We are displaced by time, not by space. The rapid expansion of the universe happened here in the space my back yard occupies, at your house, on the moon, at Alpha Centauri, and everywhere else in the universe at the same time. Of course, houses and moons and stars didn't exist at the time, but the SPACE that those things occupy existed, the coordinates have just grown further apart over time.
5) This question presumes there was mass at the birth of the universe. I don't believe that's a claim most who study cosmology would make. The universe was just too hot and dense for atoms to form for quite some time.
6) Time, as we know it, is thought to have begun at the birth of the universe. Could there be a multiverse, of which our universe is a part, that has a time dimension of its own? Sure. But it's not in the set of things that are knowable in our universe so it is a question that is, at present and possible forever, unknowable.
7) We can observe physics behaving in a way that makes sense for the most part going as far back as the CMB. It's impossible to see further back than that, because that is the earliest light that could actually travel. Anything prior to the CMB is tucked away behind a cosmic firewall that we don't have tools to see through.
8
) Quite a lot. I don't know how much. Maybe there are estimates out there, I am not sure. In the known, observable universe, there are billions of galaxies, each with billions of stars. That's an awful lot of mass right there.
9) It could be infinitely large, but it might not be. But there's no center. This epicenter idea makes a lot of appearances in your questions and I think understanding
why there was no epicenter would be very illuminating for you.
10) That is a great question. There's no definitive answer to it. There are some ideas, but anyone telling you they absolutely know the answer probably also has a bridge to sell you.