Is the Founder of Modern Rocket Science trying to tell us something?
... IMAGE ...
The heavens declare the glory of God; and the firmament sheweth his handywork.
Psalm 19:1
... IMAGE ...
And God said, Let there be a firmament in the midst of the waters, and let it divide the waters from the waters. And God made the firmament, and divided the waters which were under the firmament from the waters which were above the firmament: and it was so. And God called the firmament Heaven. And the evening and the morning were the second day.
Genesis 1:6-8
Founder?
Learn about
Konstantin Tsiolkovsky.
~~~~~
After WW2 and before NASA, Von Braun worked for US Army. NASA was established 1958.
~~~~~
Even before the Bible it was known that
"the Earth is in the center of the Heavens, and all on Earth tend to that center, compressing into sphere".
Towards center is "below" and away from center is "above".
Your second image is wrong.
It doesn't represent what Church was teaching all these centuries.
So, firmament is spherical arounf Earth.
And we know (except all sorts of Moon Landing Deniers) it is not solid, so ionosphere can be the firmament.
Speaking of "waters from above", firmament can also be the area where clouds are forming.
Makes us think that writers of Genesis, before it was incorporated into Bible,
didn't know how high are clouds and what is above them.
But I avoid considering ancient people ignorants, because lot of times they knew what we didn't expected them to know.
We thought Newton and Leibnitz were first to invent calculus, and then discover that ancient Babylonians tracked Jupiter using calculus.
Who knows how much of old knowledge burned in library in Alexandria,
and what else was destroyed later as "forbidden knowledge"...