Also, I'm gonna do a quick mathematical analysis of the centripetal (or centrifugal) formula presented by rabinoz.
I guess the thing you might search for might be "Centrifugal force".
Centrifugal force
In Newtonian mechanics, the term centrifugal force is used to refer to an inertial force (also called a 'fictitious' force) directed away from the axis of rotation that appears to act on all objects when viewed in a rotating reference frame.
plus a whole lot more
from Google centrifugal force
Or you might choose one of the many other sources.
Wherever you get the info
centripetal acceleration (the cause) = (Velocity squared)/radius or v2/R in compatible units, say mks.
Now the earth has an equatorial radius of 6,384 km (Wikipedia again) or 6.384 x 106 m and
the earth actually rotates once in a little under 24 hours[1], or once in 86164 secs.
So on the equator the surface velocity is the (circumference of the earth)/(time for one revolution) or
v = (2 x π x 6.384 x 106/86164 m/s = 465.5 m/s
So our centripetal acceleration acent = 465.52/6.384 x 106 = 0.034 m/s2
[1] This is because in 24 hours the same spot faces the sun again, but in that time the earth has moved 1/365.24 of its orbit around the sun. So the earth rotates 360° in a bit under 24 hours.
So,
"centripetal acceleration (the cause) = (Velocity squared)/radius or v2/R in compatible units, say mks."
I'm going to use meters for all distances, and measure all time in seconds. What I want to do is rewrite the formula, so that you can input RPM into it. The unit of RPM is 1/min, or 1/60s. This is because RPM measures frequency. Outer velocity of a circle in m/s can be converted to RPM like this:
RPM = Velocity * 60 / Circumference. Velocity = RPM * Circumference / 60.
So for Centripetal = Velocity * Velocity / Radius, we get:
RPM * RPM * Circumference * Circumference / (Radius * 60 * 60)
Now, Radius is converted to circumference according to:
Circumference = Pi * 2 * Radius. Radius = Circumference / (2 * Pi)
Now, if we insert this into the equation:
Centripetal = RPM * RPM * Circumference * Circumference * 2 * Pi / (Circumference * 60 * 60)
If we simplify:
Centripetal = RPM2 * Circumference * (2Pi/3600)
Let's try it, to make sure I did it right first. LEt's use EARTH, because why not (Like, the answer for the other equation is already written in the quote)? RPM = 0.0007, Circumference = 40 000 000m (rough figures). If I insert it into my transformed equation, I get:
0.00072 * 40 000 000 * (2Pi/3600) = 0.034 (m/s2)
And it seems to agree with the other calculation! Great!
This means that the Centripetal (or Centrifugal) acceleration is directly proportional to circumference (according to the transformed formula) but squared proportional to RPM. RPM has a much bigger effect on the centripetal acceleration than the circumference of an object (so size matters a little, but RPM matters more). So even if the surface velocity seems so high, if just the RPM is still low the centripetal acceleration will also be low.
Plus, since RPM = 60 * Velocity / Circumference, RPM becomes a ratio between the speed and size. Therefore a low RPM means low speed compared to size, and a high RPM means high speed compared to size.