Already done it, psycho.
Starting at page 32 of this thread.
Now; give me an alternative hypothesis for what the light in the sky you claim is the ISS actually is.
Why is that so hard for you?
'In fact, it is the man's ARM, in throwing (i.e. imparting THRUST upon) the ball, that represents the exhaust; whilst the BALL represents an external mass such as the atmosphere.'It becomes apparent when we look at the above statement you made back on page 32 of this thread, that your comprehension of the situation needs rectifying.
You've got it completely wrong when you've attempted to label the various components of the man/arm/ball/atmosphere example.
Firstly, let's look at the case of the cannon and the cannon ball. An explosive charge is ignited and this ejects the cannon ball out of the cannon. Due to Newton's 3rd law of motion (for every action there is an equal and opposite reaction) the cannon is recoiled (forced in the opposite direction) at a proportionate velocity corresponding to the mass and velocity of the cannonball. This reaction takes place regardless of the atmosphere, as the movement (recoil) of the cannon in one direction is the direct result of the cannonball being fired in the opposite direction, and this can also be described as 'conservation of momentum'. It's obvious that the cannon is not being forced in one direction, due to the cannonball pushing off the atmosphere. The mass of the cannon is moved in the opposite direction to that of the mass of the cannonball = conservation of momentum.
When we look at a rocket and its fuel, it's exactly the same as a cannon and its cannonball. You might disagree, but let's look further.
If we look at a rocket, we have the rocket body itself, and attached to this body is the rocket engine and the nozzle/s. Let's imagine that the nozzles are similar to the cannons barrel. We can now also make a comparison between the cannonball and the rocket's ejected fuel. What we must realise, is that the burnt fuel being continuously ejected out of the rocket engine nozzle/s has considerable weight (15 tons per second in the case of the Apollo Saturn V rocket). Therefore we can make a direct comparison with the cannonball (has mass) and the rocket's ejected burnt fuel (has mass).
Now let's return to your analogy of the man/arm/ball/atmosphere (picture below).
Ok, let's start by looking at how you've labelled the various components, and if this has been done correctly?
You stated that it's the man's arm which is the exhaust? Actually, the man's arm is the 'explosive force' that is propelling the ball, and is exactly the same as the explosive charge that fires the cannonball out of the cannon's barrel. In turn, this is exactly the same as the ignition of the fuel in the rocket's combustion chamber and subsequent ejection out through the engine nozzle/s.
You then state that the 'ball represents an external mass such as the atmosphere'? Well, it's not hard to laugh at this statement.
The ball is the ball. How does the ball suddenly turn into a representation of atmospheric mass? The ball that is being thrown by the man is exactly the same as the cannon ball being 'thrown' by the cannon. This is also exactly the same as the rocket engine 'throwing' fuel out of its nozzle/s. To bring the atmosphere into the equation is nonsensical and completely irrelevant.
So in conclusion, your labelling of the 'man throwing a ball' example is completely wrong.
Let's apply the labels correctly now in relation to the example of a rocket -
1/ The man
IS the rocket
2/ The man's arm
IS the explosive force - (fuel being ignited in the combustion chamber of the rocket) which in turn throws the ball. The man's arm is NOT the exhaust as you incorrectly assert.
3/ The ball
IS the burnt fuel (huge mass) being ejected out of the engine nozzle/s.
So in applying Newton's 3rd law to the above situations, we have established that the 3 examples are exactly the same, and the 'recoil' of the cannon, the man and the rocket are the direct consequences of the 'for every action, there is an equal and opposite reaction' law, which is COMPLETELY independent of whether there is an atmosphere or not, as it's NOT the atmosphere which is 'pushing' on the cannonball, the ball, or the burnt fuel coming out of the rocket's engine, and forcing the cannon, man or rocket in the opposite direction.
Therefore, because the atmosphere is not even part of the equation/process by which a rocket engine produces thrust forces, there is no reason what so ever why a rocket engine cannot produce thrust (movement force) in a vacuum, as the laws of conservation of momentum hold true regardless of the medium through which an object is travelling.