When you put air into the equation, though, your viewing distance is much more limited.
Nope; not over astronomical distances—such as the 1.5837x1014 miles to
Vega. The thin layer of air surrounding the earth has virtually zero impact on viewing it even with the naked eye, plus of course knowing where to look.
This is an ordinary image captured with a camera at ground level from the UK on 14 July; no zoom lens, no telescope, and no image manipulation:
Location: RA 18h, 37m, 21s / DEC 38, 47′, 43″
(RA corresponds to east/west direction (like longitude), while DEC measures north/south directions (like latitude).
Assuming that there's no cloud cover at the time, I can only assume that you live in an extremely atmospherically polluted part of the world
jroa if you can't see the constellation
Lyra.
Vega has a magnitude of 0 [zero] whereas the faintest star visible to the
naked human eye has a magnitude of only [plus]6. As a guide, our full moon has a magnitude of [minus]13.
—If you can't see Vega, then you should possibly be visiting your ophthalmologist