C.M. HILL PULSAR OBSERVATIONSCharles M. Hill has shown, via an analysis of millisecond pulsar data, that clocks on the earth have cyclic variations due to the eccentricity of the earth's orbit around the sun (in the geocentric model, the same cyclic variations are caused by the orbit of the Sun which is bounded by the two Tropics).
http://www.naturalphilosophy.org//pdf//abstracts/abstracts_1767.pdfHill has shown, using external pulsar timing sources, if the Earth is not in circular orbit, the local clock rate will vary as a function of the changing gravitational potential and orbital velocity.
Charles M. Hill (1995) has reported results comparing the clocks
on the earth to millisecond pulsars. This comparison
clearly reveals the source for the cyclic clock biases
described above. Specifically, in the sun’s frame, the vector
sum of the earth’s orbital velocity and the earth’s spin
velocity causes a cyclic clock rate term which integrates
into a cyclic clock bias as a function of the along track
distance from the earth’s center. (Though not addressed
here, the clocks in the GPS satellites would also suffer
cyclic clock-rate terms as a result of the vector sum of the
satellite orbit velocity with the earth’s orbit velocity.) Note
that in the sun’s frame these cyclic clock disturbances are
properly recognized and removed in the process of
determining a correct time within the sun’s barycentric
frame. Like the cyclic clock-rate error, which occurs as a
result of ignoring the sun’s gravitational potential, this
velocity product (in the sun’s frame) gives a clock rate
error that is ignored in the earth’s frame.
As Hill (1995) describes, the pulsar data reveals a diurnal
variation in the clock rate of about 300 ps s peak-to-peak.
The noon second is about 300 ps shorter (frequency
higher at noon) than the midnight second because of the
product of the earth’s orbital and spin velocities at the
equator. The term causing this clock rate variation comes
from the squaring of the vector addition of the two
velocities. It is given by:
Δf = (v
ev
s/c)cosθ
where the ‘‘e’’ subscript designates the orbital velocity, the
‘‘s’’ subscript the spin velocity, and θ is the angle between
the earth’s orbital velocity and the earth spin velocity at
the clock. Plugging in the values gives a clock rate peak
magnitude of 153 ps s or 2.1 μs per radian of the earth
rotation rate. Clearly, the cosine term integrates to a value
of one for a single quadrant of rotation. The result directly
corresponds to the bias term given in Eq. (8 ) above.
The difference in sun’s gravitational potential causes a
clock rate term given by:
Δf = {1 - 2GM/(r
a - r
ecosØ)c
2}
1/2 - {1 - 2GM/r
ac
2}
1/2where the ‘‘a‘‘ subscript designates the orbital radius, the
‘‘e‘‘ subscript the earth radius and Ø is the angle between
the earth radius to the clock and the orbital radius of the
earth. Plugging in the values gives a clock rate peak
magnitude of 0.42 ps s (365 times smaller than the velocity
cross product term) or 2.1 μs per radian of the earth
orbital rate. The sign of this gravitational term is opposite
to that of the diurnal term. (The frequency is lower at
noon.) It causes the diurnal period of one sidereal day,
which results from Eq. (10) to become a period of one
solar day. Again, the result clearly corresponds to the bias
given in Eq. (8 ) above. In the earth’s frame, both clock rate
terms are ignored. It is by ignoring these cyclic rate terms
in the earth’s frame that the clock biases are generated,
which cause the speed of light to appear as isotropic.
The point of the above is worth emphasizing again. Clocks
external to the solar system (millisecond pulsars) can be
compared to clocks on the earth. Since clocks run at a
unique rate, the difference in the external clocks and the
earth-bound clocks can provide us with the unique
knowledge of the true clock rate of clocks on the earth. The
values obtained show that a cyclic clock rate occurs which
integrates into a cyclic clock bias. The cyclic clock rate
arises from two sources including (1) the product term of
the spin velocity combined with the orbital velocity, and
(2) the differences in the gravitational potential of the sun
at the clocks’ position compared to that at the center of the
earth. When the earth’s frame is used, it is easy to ignore
the composite velocity term because the orbital velocity is
removed. (But even though it is easy to ignore, removing it
assigns an erroneous cyclic clock rate to the clocks
according to the millisecond pulsars.) However, the
absence of the second cyclic term, due to the gradient of
the sun’s gravitational potential, cannot be explained by
SRT when the earth’s frame is used. As we saw above, two
faulty attempts have been made to explain its absence. The
millisecond pulsars testify to its presence, and it causes the
clock bias value to have a cyclic period of one year such
that the bias always remains a function of the distance in
the direction of the changing orbital velocity vector.
Using the SRT, no proper explanation for the apparently
missing effect of the sun’s gravitational potential upon the
clocks in the earth’s frame can be found.
SRT cannot explain the missing effect from the sun’s
gravitational potential and incorrectly assigns multiple
rates to the same clock in the same identical environment.http://worldnpa.org/abstracts/abstracts_5789.pdf (full article)
BY ASSUMING THAT STR IS CORRECT, MODERN ASTROPHYSICS MUST ALSO ASSUME THAT THE ORBITAL VELOCITY OF THE EARTH AROUND THE SUN, IN AN ELLIPTICAL ORBIT, MUST BE A CONSTANT.
However, upon further reflection, it became
apparent that one significant complication with respect to
the two frames was not dealt with. Specifically, GPS was
compared in the two frames assuming that the earth’s
orbital velocity was constant.
What is the significance of this interim conclusion? We
have shown that, assuming the speed of light is isotropic
in the sun’s frame, the velocity of clocks on the spinning
earth will cause them to be biased by just the amount
needed to make it appear as if the speed of light is
actually isotropic on the earth.
However, the true believer in
SRT can argue that this is simply a coincidence and that it
is still the magic of SRT which automatically causes the
speed of light to be isotropic on the earth. There is no way
to refute his argument in this simplified case where we
have assumed that the direction of the orbital velocity
vector is constant. But, when the change in the orbital
velocity direction is allowed, we get an astonishing result.
By contrast, if SRT/GRT is
correct, we would expect that the clocks on earth and in
the GPS system would require an adjustment for the
effect of the sun’s differential gravitational potential.
Since clocks on earth and in the GPS system function
properly by ignoring the effect of the sun’s gravitational
potential, we must conclude that SRT/GRT is wrong.
http://www.tuks.nl/pdf/Reference_Material/Ronald_Hatch/Hatch-Clock_Behavior_and_theSearch_for_an_Underlying_Mechanism_for_Relativistic_Phenomena_2002.pdf