When did the space program begin?
The transformation of public perception of space travel from fantasy and fiction to alleged reality occurred during the 1950's. The main instigators of this change of opinion were the following factors:
1) A series of Collier's Magazine science fiction cover articles from 1952 to 1954 which publicly set the goals of the space program
http://home.flash.net/~aajiv/bd/colliers.htmlhttp://www.daviddarling.info/encyclopedia/C/Colliers_space.html2) The mass published and purportedly non-fiction book 'The Exploration of Space' by popular science fiction writer Arthur C. Clarke in 1951.
3) The support rendered to Werner von Braun's space propaganda through cinema and television, especially by Walt Disney whose animated 'Man in Space' was seen by an estimated 40 million americans, not to mention other space movies produced by Walt Disney Studios and other filmmakers.
The collusion of Werner von Braun and Walt Disney:
http://history.msfc.nasa.gov/vonbraun/disney_article.html4) The space pictures and rhetoric of Collier's Magazine, Walt Disney Studios, and Arthur Clarke's propaganda books were allegedly given tangible reality for the first time in the form of the Soviet Sputnik satellite propaganda of 1957 which alleged event was NOT universally believed among contemporaries in either Russia or the west. The Soviet Sputnik propaganda was abetted and greatly buttressed by the Soviet's alleged enemies in the western space program of Werner von Braun. An example of this is 'The Making of a Moon: the Story of the Earth Satellite Program' by Arthur Clarke also published in 1957. As a matter of fact, Arthur Clarke was apparently the chosen vessel for publicly initiating the false propaganda of stationary rockets, or satellites, by way of his October 1945 'Wireless World' article entitled 'Extra-terrestrial Relays.'
http://lakdiva.org/clarke/1945ww/The Sputnik satellite, Yuri Gagarin's orbit, and the entire Soviet space program was shown to be false propaganda by space historian Lloyd Mallan in his 1966 book 'Russia's Space Hoax' (Mallan is the author of many books on the history of manned "space" flight). This important book originally appeared as a series of articles in 'Science and Mechanics' magazine in 1966 before being published as a bound volume. Other journals which published articles by Mallan include the 'Nation':
http://www.thenation.com/archive/detail/13176827