Have a go at this and sit carefully.
http://www.abc.net.au/surf/pendulum/pendulum.htmIn 1848 Leon Foucault was setting up a long, skinny metal rod in his lathe. He "twanged" it, and the end of the piece of metal proceeded to go up-and-down. If you treat the chuck of the lathe like a clock, the end vibrated from 12 o'clock down to 6 o'clock, and back to 12 o'clock, and so on. He slowly rotated the chuck by 90 degrees. But the end of the metal rod steadfastly vibrated back-and-forth between 12 and 6 o'clock!
This set Leon Foucault thinking. He set up a small pendulum in his drill press. He set the pendulum oscillating, and then started the drill press. Once again, the pendulum kept swinging in its original plane, and ignored the fact that its mounting point was rotating.
He then constructed a 2 metre-long pendulum with a 5 kilogram ball in his workshop in his cellar. Before the amplitude of the swing died away totally, he saw that the weight on the end of the pendulum appeared to rotate clockwise . Now that he was convinced of the principle, he built a second pendulum with an 11-metre wire in the Paris Observatory, and it too rotated clockwise.(5)
He was asked to construct something "big" for the 1850 Paris Exhibition, and he constructed a 67-metre tall Foucault Pendulum in the PanthŽon - a Parisian church also known as the church of Saint GeneviŹve. He went to a great deal of trouble to make sure that the wire was perfectly symmetrical in its metallurgy. He used a 28 kilogram cannon ball. A stylus was placed under the ball, and sand was scattered under the potential path of the ball, so that the stylus would cut a trace in the sand.
The ball was pulled to one side, and held in place with a string. With much ceremony, the string was set alight, and the ball began to describe a beautiful, straight (non-elliptical) path in the sand. Within a few minutes, the pendulum had begun to swing a little clockwise - and the previous, narrow straight-line in the sand had widened to look like a twin-bladed propeller. The experiment was a success! The Earth rotated "under" his pendulum.
So it was possible, way back in 1850, to set up an experiment inside a room which had no view of the outside world, and prove that the Earth rotated! (6)
And you don't have to look out the window.